什么是潜示权力

关系,后台,后门,背景,上面有人,我爸是ligang,

PMP考试会涉及到五种权力类型，但在相关的中文参考书中，对Referent
Power的解释和理解差异很大。

有的书上是这样写的：Referent
Power,即指示权力，它是借用一个权力更大的人的职权来增强自己的权力。

也有的书上是这样写的：Referent Power，即潜示权力，它是由于涉及一个权力更大的人而带来的权力。

还有的书上是这样写的：Referent
Power，即仗势权力，是指从更加有权势的人员那里获得的权力，比如项目经理可以把CEO搬出来，并且经常向大家展示项目发起人签署的项目章程。

还有的书上是这样写的：Referent
Power，即参照性权力，是指项目经理个人的性格魅力，可以作为其他人的榜样。

面对众说纷纭，在网上找到了下面这段比较详细的英文原文，翻译如下，欢迎大家批评指正！

Social psychologists French and Raven, in a now-classic study (1959), developed a
schema of five categories of power which reflected the different bases or
resources that power holders rely upon. One additional base (informational) was
later added.

社会心理学家约翰.弗伦奇（John.French）和伯特伦.雷文（Bertram.Raven）在他们1959年发表的一篇迄今不朽的论文中，提出了五种权力类别的模型，这个模型折射出权力拥有者依赖的不同基础或资源。

• Legitimate Power

• Legitimate Power refers to power of an individual because of
  the relative position and duties of the holder of the position within an
  organization. Legitimate Power is formal authority delegated to the holder of
  the position. It is usually accompanied by various attributes of power such as
  uniforms, offices etc. This is the most obvious and also the most important kind
  of power.

合法权力

合法权力是指个人因为在组织中的职位和职务而拥有的权力。合法权力是代表该职位而拥有的正式职位权力。它通常伴随着诸如制服、办公室等各种权力特征。这是最明显也是最重要的一种权力。

• Referent
  Power

• Referent Power means the power or ability of individuals to
  attract others and build loyalty. It's based on the charisma and interpersonal
  skills of the power holder. Here the person under power desires to identify with
  these personal qualities, and gains satisfaction from being an accepted
  follower. Nationalism or Patriotism counts towards an intangible sort of
  referent power as well. For example, soldiers fight in wars to defend the honor
  of the country. This is the second least obvious power, but the most effective.

参照性权力

参照性权力是指个人具有的吸引他人并建立起他人对自己的忠诚度的权力或能力。这种权力是基于权力拥有者超凡的个人魅力和人际关系技能的。这种权力的追随者非常认同这些个人品质，并且从自己是个公认的追随者中得到满足。民族主义或爱国主义也被认为是一种无形的参照性权力。例如，战士为了保卫国家的荣誉而战斗在战争中。这是第二显明的权力（相对于合法权力而言），但是是最有效的。

• Expert Power

• Expert Power is an individual's power deriving from the skills
  or expertise of the person and the organization's needs for those skills and
  expertise. Unlike the others, this type of power is usually highly specific and
  limited to the particular area in which the expert is trained and qualified.

专家权力

专家权力是一种个人权力，它来自于这个人具有某些技能或技术专长，并且这些技能或技术专长正是组织所需要的。与其他的权力类别不同，这种权力通常非常特殊并且仅限于专家受过培训并具备资格的专门领域。

This type of power is further broken down later on as
Information Power.

• Information Power

• While the difference between expert power and information power
  is subtle, people with this type of power are well-informed, up-to-date and also
  have the ability to persuade others. Another difference would be that people
  with Expert Power are perceived by his/her image of expertise to show
  credibility (i.e. a qualified doctor in a doctor uniform), while one with
  Information Power does not have a strict need to 'look the part of a
  professional', but they must keep up to date with new research, and have
  confidence in debating, or are persuasive.

这种权力类型后来进一步细分了信息权力。

信息权力

专家权力和信息权力之间的差异非常微小， 拥有这种权力的人消息灵通，掌握最新资讯，并且具备说服他人的能力。另一个差别就是拥有专家权力的人能够通过他/她的专家形象来显示可信度（比如，具备资格的医生会穿着医生制服），从而被认为拥有专家权力；而拥有信息权力的人没有严格要求“看起来比较专业”，但是他们必须保持对最新研究的经常更新，并且具备争辩的自信或者具备说服能力。

• Reward Power

• Reward Power depends upon the ability of the power wielder to
  confer valued material rewards, it refers to the degree to which the individual
  can give others a reward of some kind such as benefits, time off, desired gifts,
  promotions or increases in pay or responsibility. This power is obvious but also
  ineffective if abused. People who abuse reward power can become pushy or became
  reprimanded for being too forthcoming or 'moving things too quickly'.

奖励权力

奖励权力依赖于这种权力的使用者给予有价值的物质奖励的能力，它涉及个人能够给予他人奖励的程度，比如福利、休假、想要的礼物、晋升或加薪。这种权力是显而易见的，但是如果滥用也会失效。滥用奖励权力的人因为过于赶前或者使事情进展过快，可能变得过于急进或者变得备受指责。

• Coercive Power

• Coercive Power means the application of negative influences
  onto employees. It might refer to the ability to demote or to withhold other
  rewards. It's the desire for valued rewards or the fear of having them withheld
  that ensures the obedience of those under power. Coercive Power tends to be the
  most obvious but least effective form of power as it builds resentment and
  resistance within the targets of Coercive Power.

惩罚权力

惩罚权力是指对员工应用消极影响。它可能涉及降级或者扣发其他奖金的资格权力。服从于该权力的人是出于对有价值的奖励的渴望或者对得不到奖励的害怕。惩罚权力倾向于是一种最显而易见但又最没有效果的权力形式，因为它会在惩罚权力对象中建立起愤恨和抵抗。

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